Department of Physical Sciences

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Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies Using Lead Ions onto Treated Maize Stalk Charcoal
(University of Embu, 2019) Kobia, Vincent
According to recent reports in Kenya, there has been suspected cases of metal ions in the foodstuffs which could be from water resources. The country has been towards actualizing vision 2030 which is contributing to mass growth of industries leading to discharge of effluents into waters. Activities like burning of fossil fuels, smelting of ore acid extraction, metal plating and battery making discharges are the most Lead (II) ions sources directed into waters. It is a very toxic heavy metal causing various health problems which includes malfunctioning of heart, kidney, nervous system, reproductive systems and also death in severe cases. During a visit to Embu sewage treatment plant, it was found that there is no available technique for the removal of heavy metals from effluents before releasing it into river Rupingazi. The river runs down to Mbeere sub-county, dry lower part of the Embu county. Farmers are using water from the river for irrigation. This has resulted to investigations of various techniques on removal of Lead (II) ions from the water which includes biosorption technique. This study was evaluating the viability and success degree of activated maize stalk charcoal adsorbent on Lead (II) ions removal from wastewater. The maize stalk is readily available and environmentally friendly. The technique has been investigated by use of maize cob, maize stalk biomass and maize Stover and found to have considerable abilities to adsorb heavy metals from wastewater, therefore a reason to study activated maize stalk charcoal. Maize stalks were collected from D.O.E Caritus Embu 1km from University of Embu towards Kangaru market. They were dusted and carbonized in a prepared furnace of limited air supply in University farm to obtain charcoal. The charcoal was taken to the chemistry laboratory for investigation of initial concentrations of lead (II) ions effects. The batch experiment on initial lead (II) ions concentration was investigated using 5ppm,10ppm,20ppm and 50ppm concentrations prepared in laboratory by dissolving lead nitrate salt. The adsorption data obtained from Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was subjected to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The kinetics of lead (II) ions was modelled by pseudo-first-order and pseudo- second-order equations. The data was subjected to Analysis of Variance and spreadsheet software.
Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies For Adsorption of Lead (Ii) Ions on Treated Maize Stalk Charcoal
(University of Embu, 2019) Rutto, Evans Toroitich
The deliberate release of heavy metal-containing effluents into water bodies and the ecosystem has been one of the most ambiguous and widespread environmental hazard to human health. Rapid industrialization in most parts of Kenya has worsened the situation as a result of the mass production and deliberate discharge of industrial effluent into the waterways. Due to this, great attention was given to emerging technologies for doctoring of industrial effluents, such as biosorption. Various biological adsorbents had been investigated with a considerable degree of success. For instance, grass biomass, bone charcoal, charcoal dust, rice husk ash, spent bleaching earth and water hyacinth has been used to remove lead ions (Pb2+). The current study assessed the feasibility of using treated maize stalk charcoal as a cheap biosorbent to remove Lead (II) ions .The effects of parameters such as pH, temperature, initial ion concentration and contact time were investigated. The adsorption followed first order kinetics and the pseudo second order equation. To understand and proof the nature of the interaction that occurs between aqueous lead (II) and the active sites of the biosorbent, the data obtained was fitted into Langmuir model. Kinetics, equilibrium isotherms and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. The FT-IR analysis was used to show the likely functional groups responsible for the adsorption of lead (II) ions.
Structural and Luminescent Properties Of Sral2o4:Ce3+ Nanomaterials Kamande
(University of Embu, 2019) Wamuya, Anthony
Blue and violent emitting cerium doped strontium aluminate nanophosphor was synthesised through solution combustion method. The colour of undoped SrAl2O4 powders was white while that of SrAl2O4: Ce3+ powders were pale yellow. Both SrAl2O4 and SrAl2O4: Ce3+ emitted blue and faint violent colours when irradiated by strong UV radiations using a UV spectrometer but SrAl2O4: Ce3+ gave more intense blue colour. In this research project, different concentrations of cerium at 0mol% Ce3+, 0.25mol% Ce3+, 0.5mol% Ce3+ and 1mol% Ce3+ were used. Small amounts of each sample were dissolved in propanol and the solutions used to get the absorbance of each sample using UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The absorption increased from 0mol% Ce3+ to 0.5mol% the decreased at 1mol% Ce3+. Urea was used as a fuel. The energy band gap of SrAl2O4: Ce3+ was calculated using the wavelength at 355nm and was found to be 3.475eV. The synthesised phosphor can be used in solid state lighting for production of white light emitting diodes due to its ability to emit blue colour as well as in conventional fluorescent, halogens, discharge and incandescent lamps where near UV light is needed.
Effect of Varying Concentration of Strontium on Structural and Luminescent Properties of Sral2o3:Ce3+ Material
(University of Embu, 2019) Muriithi, James Njoka
In modern world, luminescent materials with tunable emission properties have found application in most of the areas that usually deals with material sciences. White light emitting diodes have matched the efficiency of florescent light and will rapidly release energy which can be used as light source in homes, offices and other premises in the future. The phenomenon of luminescent is brought about by the emission of light by a sample following excitation of some kind, most often as the result of absorption of light, although other stimuli such as chemical reaction, physical agitation and passage of current can also lead to emission of light in certain systems. The increase in population has led to faster and rapid industrialization and urbanization, and this has led to high increased demand of proper lighting which has become a challenge due to the low number of sources of power being set. This has therefore led to alternative and environment friendly methods such use of luminescent materials that absorbs UV light energy during day time and they grow at night giving light when releasing the energy they had absorbed. The present work represent the changes made in of dopant as well as subjecting these formed structure to different gases so as to come up with phosphors that can last longer. In case of my research am using SrAl2O4:Ce3+ to find how different concentration of strontium can affect luminescent materials during synthesis on its period of glow. The luminescence of SrAl2O4:Ce3+ is enhanced when subjected to some of gases.
Investigation of The Effect Of Initial Metal Ion Concentration on Chromium (Iii) Adsorption onto Thebanana Leaf Petiole as the Biosorbent
(University of Embu, 2019) Ouma, John
There is a tremendous increasing demand for portable water due to the rising human population and urbanization and industrialization and climate change. There is no doubt that water in this county and largely the country is a scarce resource. This calls for better technologies to be developed to curb this. They include sea water desalination, scavenging distant waters through construction of dams and supplying it by piping systems, exploration of deeper ground waters and treatment the contaminated waters. Due to the huge usage of waters by the large human populace, recycling and reusing the water rather than losing, it to the sewer systems would be more economical. This would make more water available for domestic and agricultural use. This will be done by employing technologies, which could improve on the quality of water for such applications. Some of the conventional methods for wastewater treatment include chemical precipitation, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, membrane filtration and biosorption. Most of these methods of wastewater treatment are expensive and partially remove heavy metals’ ions. The latest research has been on developing low-cost technologies for grey water treatment. This brings in handy the use of adsorbents in removing the heavy metal pollutants from wastewaters and in particular, bio-sorbents to replace the commercial adsorbents. This study investigates the potential of the banana leaf petiole as a low-cost adsorbent for chromium (III) contaminated wastewater. This study will investigate the effect of contact time on chromium (III) adsorption onto the banana leaf petiole and the effect of initial metal ion concentration on chromium (III) adsorption onto the adsorbent. The biological and physicochemical parameters of the chromium (III) contaminated water to be considered for decontamination are Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand, pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Temperature and both the initial and final concentrations of chromium (III) ions. The results will be subjected to the standard methods for examining pure water and wastewater. The results will then be subjected to the analysis of variance and mean values. Q Test, T Test, and F Test will be done for further analysis. The obtained experimental data will be fitted to the Langmuir isotherm. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy will then be used to determine the absorbance of the samples. The results of this project will be used to determine the viability of using the banana petiole biomass as an adsorbent. They also will be used to provide an alternative to the available adsorbent.
Investigating The Effect Of Adsorbent Dosage On Chromium (Iii) Ions Adsorption Onto Banana Petiole Biomass.
(University of Embu, 2019) Ngowa, Josephine Rehema
Water pollution has been the major cause of shortage of clean water in Kenya. This promptscitizens to use wastewater for domestic purposes. For example river Kapingazi in Embu wherewaste from the region is dumped is used by the residents for irrigation and domestic purposes.Industrialization which is the major cause of water pollution contaminates water with heavymetal ions. Heavy metal ions are a threat to the health of human beings due to their toxic andbioaccumulation behavior. Such heavy metals include lead, arsenic, chromium, zinc, copper andmercury. Some of these heavy metals such as copper are essential but become toxic in highconcentrations. Therefore there is need to reduce their presence in water through treatment.Conventional methods for wastewater treatment include chemical precipitation, reverse osmosis,ion exchange, membrane filtration and biosorption. Most of methods of wastewater treatment areexpensive and partially remove heavy metals ions. Currently biosorption is being investigated forits ability to remove heavy metal ions. Biosorption uses readily available biological andagricultural wastes such as banana peels, carrot peels, maize stalk charcoal, and banana petiole and so on to remove heavy metal ions from water. In this study banana petiole biomass will beused to remove Cr (III) ions from a prepared solution containing Cr (III) ions. Batch experimentson varying contact time and biomass dosage parameters will be done to determine the efficiencyof the biomass in removing the metal ions. Atomic absorption spectroscopy will then be used todetermine the absorbance of the samples. The results of this project will be used to determine theviability of using banana petiole biomass as an adsorbent. Furthermore they will be used toprovide an alternative to the available adsorbents.
Synthesis And Investigation Of Properties Of Cerium Doped Calcium Oxide (Cao: Ce3+ )
(University of Embu, 2019) Chagallah, Felix
Over the decade’s luminescent materials have found their use mostly in production of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), where different alkaline earth has been used in production of different colors. Phosphors have been used as the main material in x ray screen, neutron detectors and alpha particles. Europium has a high light conversion for Near Ultraviolet (NUV) thus used mostly in LEDs. Temperature is one factor that affects luminescence. In this research preparation and analysis of the properties of calcium oxide doped with cerium will be observed. Samples of CaO:Ce3+ phosphor will be synthesized using solution combustion method. The starting raw materials will be of pure grade weighed in proportion. Mixture will then be dissolved in 10ml of de ionized water and stirred for 15minutes. Each sample prepared will be subjected to different wavelength to measure the absorbance
Equilibrium Studies For The Adsorption Of Cd (Ii) Using Treated Maize Stalk Biochar
(University of Embu, 2019) Kiplangat, Hillary
The release of overwhelming metals into nature has turned into a matter of concern in Kenya over the last few years. These pollutants are introduced into the environment significantly as a result of various industrial processes. Industrialization in some parts of Kenya has begun as the economy of the country continues to grow. Heavy metals such as lead, chromium, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, gold, silver and copper came as a result of industrialization. The main sources of these wastes are from sludge disposal, wastes from incinerators and so on. In basic engineering, heavy metals, which includes zinc, lead and chromium finds their application. Also in other industries such as paper pulp and so on. The equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetics of biosorption of cadmium (II) from water effluence into the treated maize stalk biomass will be investigated at different conditions in several batches. The influence of some parameters such as pH, an initial concentration of the cadmium (II), and temperature and sorption time will be investigated. The optimum sorption conditions for this heavy metal will be presented. Under these conditions, the maximum sorption capacity for this metal by the biomass is taken into consideration. The adsorption data that will be obtained will be fed to the Langmuir isotherm models. The kinetic biosorption would be model using both first and second order equations
Equilibrium Studies For Adsorption Of Pb2+ Ions From Aqueous Solution Using Activated Maize Stalk Charcoal
(University of Embu, 2019) Musyoki, David Munyao
Over the past years the world has experienced an increasing environmental problem due to the contamination of water bodies and the ecosystem by discharge of toxic heavy metals. Heavy metals are non-biodegradable pollutants and persist in the environment and due to this, they should be eliminated. Their exposure to human beings even at low concentrations is dangerous and can cause damage to organs and organ systems. Some of the most affected parts of the human body are the central nervous system, kidneys and blood. This can end in disorders, excessive damage due to oxidative stress induced by free radical formation or even death. These heavy metals originate from different sources but the main source is from discharged untreated industrial effluents. The elimination of these metals from the environment has attracted researchers and some of the methods which have been used in their removal include; adsorption using activated carbon, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, electron dialysis and biological methods. However, due to the ineffectiveness these methods have been defeated by biosorption. Biosorption is a recent method of adsorption which involves use of cheap adsorbents and it has been applied to remove Pb2+ ions and other heavy metals from wastewaters at a considerable degree of success. In this work, the effect of various parameters on the equilibrium for adsorption of Pb2+ ions on activated maize stalk charcoal were determined using Langmuir isotherms. The kinetics of the Pb2+ ions adsorption were be studied/modelled using the pseudo first and second order kinetics. The data obtained were analyzed using different methods which include; analysis of variance (ANOVA), T-test, Q-test, excel spreadsheet and other statistical data analysis methods. The results were used in determining whether maize stalk is an appropriate adsorbent for domestic water remediation.
Equilibrium Studies For Adsorption of Cadmium Ions Using Treated Maize Stalk Charcoal
(University of Embu, 2019) Mutai, Duncan Cheruiyot
Discharge of toxic heavy metals into the environment as industrial waste causes extensive soil and water pollution. The associated risk of pollution of heavy metals has increased over the recent years to a great extent. Most common metals such as Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cr3+ accumulates in organisms causing numerous diseases and disorders. A number of experiments have been done to eliminate heavy metals from wastewater because of high risk they pose to human health and the environment/ecosystem. Several conventional processes have been used in recent years for treatment of heavy metals contamination and they include; chemical oxidation, ion exchange, membrane separation, reverses osmosis, chemical precipitation, and electron dialysis among others. These methods were found to be economically unfavorable and complicated and are only used in special cases for wastewater treatment. They are known to be expensive, energy intensive and normally associated with generation of toxic by-products. Rapid industrialization has aggravated the release of heavy metals into the water bodies and ecosystem. Effluents from industries such as petroleum refining, wood processing, pigments and dyes, textile, leather processing, electroplating industries among others are known to be the most common sources of heavy metals since they contain higher concentration of heavy metals in their waste waters. In industrial effluent, cadmium is a pollutant which is widely found. Its toxicity affects the ecosystem and presents potential hazard to human health. Due to the magnitude of heavy metal pollution problem, the technologies development research into new and cheaper methods of environmental remediation of toxic metal ions is currently a major interest. Bio-sorption method can be used to remove toxic heavy metals in dilute solutions. Bio-sorption method involves the use of biological waste materials and for this project we used treated maize stalk/char for maximum removal of heavy metal for instance Cadmium (II) ions from wastewaters. Various biological materials have been investigated with a considerable degree of success for example rice husks to adsorb heavy metals contamination. This project attempts to employ the principle of using waste to treat waste and is more efficient since agricultural by-products are readily available. A carbonaceous adsorbent material was obtained from treated maize stalk/char and was tested for its efficiency in removing cadmium ions in wastewaters. The effects of adsorbent dose on the adsorption of cadmium ions by treated maize stalks charcoal was examined. The adsorption data were feeded in Langmuir isotherm model and was used to analyze the equilibrium data.
Equilibrium Studies For Adsorption of Cadmium Ions Using Treated Maize Stalk Charcoal
(University of Embu, 2019) Mutai, Duncan Cheruiyot
Discharge of toxic heavy metals into the environment as industrial waste causes extensive soil and water pollution. The associated risk of pollution of heavy metals has increased over the recent years to a great extent. Most common metals such as Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cr3+ accumulates in organisms causing numerous diseases and disorders. A number of experiments have been done to eliminate heavy metals from wastewater because of high risk they pose to human health and the environment/ecosystem. Several conventional processes have been used in recent years for treatment of heavy metals contamination and they include; chemical oxidation, ion exchange, membrane separation, reverses osmosis, chemical precipitation, and electron dialysis among others. These methods were found to be economically unfavorable and complicated and are only used in special cases for wastewater treatment. They are known to be expensive, energy intensive and normally associated with generation of toxic by-products. Rapid industrialization has aggravated the release of heavy metals into the water bodies and ecosystem. Effluents from industries such as petroleum refining, wood processing, pigments and dyes, textile, leather processing, electroplating industries among others are known to be the most common sources of heavy metals since they contain higher concentration of heavy metals in their waste waters. In industrial effluent, cadmium is a pollutant which is widely found. Its toxicity affects the ecosystem and presents potential hazard to human health. Due to the magnitude of heavy metal pollution problem, the technologies development research into new and cheaper methods of environmental remediation of toxic metal ions is currently a major interest. Bio-sorption method can be used to remove toxic heavy metals in dilute solutions. Bio-sorption method involves the use of biological waste materials and for this project we used treated maize stalk/char for maximum removal of heavy metal for instance Cadmium (II) ions from wastewaters. Various biological materials have been investigated with a considerable degree of success for example rice husks to adsorb heavy metals contamination. This project attempts to employ the principle of using waste to treat waste and is more efficient since agricultural by-products are readily available. A carbonaceous adsorbent material was obtained from treated maize stalk/char and was tested for its efficiency in removing cadmium ions in wastewaters. The effects of adsorbent dose on the adsorption of cadmium ions by treated maize stalks charcoal was examined. The adsorption data were feeded in Langmuir isotherm model and was used to analyze the equilibrium data.
Biosorption of Chromium (Iii) Ions Onto Banana Petiole
(University of Embu, 2019)
Water pollution is a major issue in Kenya. It has continuously led to issues of clean water shortage which had led to citizens to use water that doesn’t meet safety standards. Heavy metals (metals which have densities of more than 5g/cm3 and adversely affect the environment and living organisms) are usually the major culprits for most of the water contamination. Industrialization which is the major cause of water pollution contaminates water with heavy metals from factory processes. These heavy metals are a threat to the health of the general public due to their biocumulative nature. Chromium is a heavy metal pollutant produced from industrial processes like chrome-plating processes, leather tanning, textile industries, chromium salt manufacturing and chromium mining processes. The conventional wastewater treatment methods include chemical precipitation, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, membrane filtration and biosorption. However, these methods have numerous disadvantages like they are expensive to run on largescale operations, they only partially remove the metal ions, have high energy and reagent requirements, generate sludge and aggregation of metal precipitates damage the expensive membranes. Biosorption is an area of interest especially in its application in removal of heavy metal contaminants in wastewaters by use of biological and agricultural waste biomasses. Biosorption provides a greater advantage over conventional methods since it has a potentially infinite agricultural biomass source ranging from banana peels, carrot peels, maize stalk charcoal, banana petiole, wheat husks, peanut hull, green coconut shell powder, mushrooms and many more. This study will aim to study of banana petiole as potential biomass and biosorbent for removal of toxic Chromium (III) ions. Batch experiments will be carried out to determine the most optimal contact time for exposure of the biomass to the ions and furthermore study how the biosorption is affected by temperature. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy will then be used to determine the degree of biosorption of the banana petiole biomass samples. The results of this project will be used to determine the viability of using banana petiole biomass as an adsorbent. Furthermore they will be used to provide alternative to the available adsorbents.
Structural and Optical Characteristics of Rare Earth Doped Calcium Oxide Phosphor Material.
(University of Embu, 2019) Barasa, Juma Anold
Understanding and examining the influence of rare earth elements on structural and optical properties of phosphors has become tremendous topic of interest. Despite a large number of research on the phenomenon the mechanism of the persistent luminescence of CaO: Eu2+, Eu3+,Nd3+,Dy3+ has not been well presented. A proper understanding of the exact luminescence mechanisms or locations in long phosphorescent materials is required for their use in areas such as detection of radiation, sensors for cracks in buildings, fracture of materials and temperature among others. In this work the effects of different rare earth ions Eu3+, Eu2+Nd3+, Ce3+ and Dy3+ doping on the CaO phosphor structure and its luminescent properties will be investigated. The correlation between structural and optical properties in presence of the different rare earths is to be established. This is done with the aim of identifying new phosphor materials that are more efficient than existing phosphors and modifying existing ones to have more desirable properties. Also in this research an overview of luminescent materials has been given. Based on the optical properties and rare earth ions, fundamental aspects and classical applications of luminescent materials applied in fluorescent lamps and displays are discussed. The application potential of rare earth phosphors with regard to new developments such as phosphors for LEDs and phosphor materials with large quantum yield is also discussed.
Structural And Luminescent Properties Of CaAl2O4:Ce3+ Nanomaterials
(University of Embu, 2019) Anunda, K. Peter
A luminescent material can be defined as a material that emits light when exposed to radiations such as ultraviolet light. These materials find a wide range of application especially in engineering field. The most common applicable places of these materials are in the manufacture of computers monitor and the manufacturing of television screens which are used today all over the world. Other applications are in the manufacture of luminous paints, manufacture of cathode ray tube and manufacture of materials used to indicate emergency exit in case of any problem like fire outbreak. They are considered as transducers since they emit light that has been converted from one form to another form.The specific amount of dopant to be added to a given phosphor should be investigated in order to obtain a material that has a given characteristic. Addition of substances that ionize to give radioactive ions should not be considered due to its adverse effects to environment which would finally affect the living organisms within that geographical area. Long afterglow materials are desired and more research is done currently to establish how they can be made from the available resources and in a simplified form without any much strain or complications. Depending on the amount of the dopant added to a specific phosphor, it can be possible to have a phosphor of the desired features. The development of phosphors has been improved from its early form to a more improved way that can be used in various fields. The major target in the current research is to find out at what concentration of dopant we can obtain a phosphor with maximum and stable supply of light.
Investigation of the Effect Of Ce3+ Doping on The Luminescent Properties of Baal2o4:Ce3+.
(University of Embu, 2019) Moturi, Maxwell
Discovery and invention of different luminescent material has greatly contributed to the growth of the global economy, especially the technology. Different elements especially the lanthanides have been research in terms of their properties which plays a great role in the Nano phosphor industry. In this study I considered properties of BaAL2O4. Ce2+ purposely its luminescent properties when codoped with some of the lanthanides elements which include cerium (Ce), .This elements acts as activator ions they tend to increase the afterglow duration when codoped with different phosphor materials. Their effects vary depending on the number and type of ligands directly attached on the metal center of the complex forming the phosphor. In this work I studied the effect of Ce2+ of different masses when doped on the luminescent properties of BaAL2O4. Ce2+ Nano phosphor. In this samples of BaAI2O4.Ce3+ phosphor used in this study will be synthesized using the solution - combustion method. The starting raw materials used in the preparation consisted of analytical pure grade Ba (NO3).4H2O, AI (NO3)3., Ce (NO3)3 and urea (CO (NH2)2) weighed in proportion to the chemical composition of BaAI2O4.Ce3+ and also deionized water, magnetic stirrer and furnace will be included as apparatus for easy of doing the experiment and finding of more accurate results. The mixture will be dissolved in 10 ml of de-ionized water and stirred for 15 minutes at ambient temperature using a magnetic stirrer to obtain a uniform saturated aqueous solution. The solution will be then poured into several crucibles and each placed in a muffle furnace pre-heated to 500⁰C. The final product will be stored in glass bottles while awaiting characterization.
Study of The Effect of Flux on Structural and Optical Properties of Baal2o4:Eu2+ Phosphors
(University of Embu, 2015) Gichovi, Yvonne Ng’endo
The concept of luminescence is widely used in our world today. There are different forms of luminescence which include chemiluminiscence, phosphorescence, florescence, and electroluminescence. When electrons in ground state are excited by energy, they move to higher energy states. when the energy is withdrawn, the electrons return to their ground energy state releasing energy in form of electromagnetic spectrum. Excited electrons of a phosphorescent material will undergo transition from singlet state to triplet state through intersystem crossing. Once the source of energy is withdrawn, the electrons will go back to ground state but in triplet form. The intersystem crossing is forbidden and only occurs in materials of specific crystalline structures. Due to the intersystem crossing the process of emission of spectrum takes longer than other forms of luminescence. Due to this factor, solid materials called phosphors have been synthesized to maximize the duration of light emission. These phosphors have been synthesized by doping materials with Europium or Dysprosium in the form of ions. The dopant will be excited in presence of a radiation to higher energy state and once the radiation is withdrawn it will return to ground state releasing light of different spectrum. These phosphors have their own optical and structural properties that are different from the components forming them. In presence of a flux these properties differ. A flux may affect the crystallinity, the incorporation of the dopant, duration of persistence of the luminescence, photoluminescence property or the decaying life time of the persistent luminescence. This flux maybe a solution such as Li2CO3 or Boric Acid. These fluxes have their own properties and they therefore act differently on phosphors. BaAl2O4 is doped with Eu2+ to give a phosphor. By adding flux, the intention is to focus on improving the duration and quality of emission of light as this is among the major studies in physics at the moment. These phosphors have a wide range of applications from glow-in-dark instruments, application in cathode ray tube of television and computers to light bulbs. Evolution of phosphors look into application of phosphors in painting where they are combined with paint using a binding agent, painted on walls to illuminate in the dark or at night as a means of saving electricity.

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