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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 effects on the regulation of the insulin receptor gene in the hind limb muscle and heart of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2013-04) Calle, Consuelo; Maestro, Begoña; García-Arencibia, Moisés
In the present study, we examine the effects of the treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [150 IU/Kg (3.75 μg/Kg) once a day, for 15 days] to non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The results indicate that treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 had minor effects in non-diabetic rats. The same treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, although it did not correct the hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia induced by the diabetes, caused other actions that could mean beneficial effects on the amelioration of diabetes e.g., it avoided body weight loss, increased calcium and phosphorus plasma levels, and corrected the over-expression of the insulin receptor mRNA species of 9.5 and 7.5 Kb present in the hind limb muscle and heart of these animals. These genomic 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 effects could involve transcriptional mechanisms of repression mediated by vitamin D response elements in the rat insulin receptor gene promoter. Using computer analysis of this promoter, we propose the -249/-235 bp VDRE (5’GGGTGACCCGGGGTT3’) with a pyrimidine (T) in the (+7) position of the3’half-site as the best candidate for negative control by 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3. In addition, posttranscriptional mechanisms of regulation could also be implicated. Thus, computer inspection of the5’untranslated region of the rat insulin receptor pre-mRNA indicated the presence of a virtual internal ribosome entry segment whereas the computer inspection of the3’untranslated region localized various destabilizing sequences, including various AU-rich elements. We propose that through these virtual cis-regulatory sequences, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 could control the translation and stability of insulin receptor mRNA species in the hind limb muscle and heart of diabetic rats.
3 - 10 GHz Ultra-Wideband Low-Noise Amplifier Using Inductive-Series Peaking Technique with Cascode Common-Source Circuit
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2011-10) Wu, Chia-Song; Lin, Tah-Yeong; Chang, Chien-Huang; Wu, Hsien-Ming
The objective of this paper is to investigate a ultra-wideband (UWB) low noise amplifier (LNA) by utilizing a two-stage cascade circuit schematic associated with inductive-series peaking technique, which can improve the bandwidth in the 3-10 GHz microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC). The proposed UWB LNA amplifier was implemented with both co-planer waveguide (CPW) layout and 0.15-μm GaAs D-mode pHEMT technology. Based on those technologies, this proposed UWB LNA with a chip size of 1.5 mm x 1.4 mm, obtained a flatness gain 3-dB bandwidth of 4 - 8 GHz, the constant gain of 4 dB, noise figure lower than 5 dB, and the return loss better than –8.5 dB. Based on our experimental results, the low noise amplifier using the inductive-series peaking technique can obtain a wider bandwidth, low power consumption and high flatness of gain in the 3 - 10 GHz. Finally, the overall LNA characterization exhibits ultra-wide bandwidth and low noise characterization, which illustrates that the proposed UWB LNA has a compact size and favorable RF characteristics. This UWB LNA circuit demonstrated the high RF characterization and could provide for the low noise micro-wave circuit applications.
Access to livelihood capitals and propensity for entrepreneurship amongst rice farmers in Ghana
(BioMed Central, 2016) Mumuni, Eliasu; Oladele, Oladimeji Idowu
Background: This paper examines rice farmers’ access to livelihood capitals (natural, financial, physical, social and human) and the relationship and propensity for entrepreneurship capacities amongst rice farmers in the northern and Ashanti regions of Ghana. A simple random and purposive sampling method was used to select a sample size of 301 rice farmers in the two regions. A structured questionnaire was used in conducting the study. The data was analysed with IBM SPSS version 21 using frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation. Wilcoxon sign rank test, paired t test and Pearson correlation coefficient were also used for the analysis on the access to livelihoods, significance and relationship to entrepreneurial activities of the farmers. Results: Farmers’ access to natural capitals was stronger. Similarly, the Wilcoxon sign rank test and test statistics for the physical capital also revealed a significant difference in the farmers’ physical capitals with all the measured variables including irrigation infrastructure (z = −5.581; p = 0.000), processing facilities (z = −5.904; p = 0.000), and market access (z = −6.171; p = 0.000), after been exposed to the technology interventions. The test statistics shows significant difference in all the measured variables with the p value (p > 0.05) for the human capitals of the farmers. It also showed that farmers’ credit from family and friends, access to bank loans and loans from farmer groups all increased from 47 to 52 %; 26 to 37 % and 28 to 78 %, respectively. Generally farmers’ access to all the five livelihood capitals was significant and higher. On the access to livelihood capitals and its entrepreneurial abilities, natural capitals before (t = 1.789, p = 0.074), natural livelihood after (t = 1.664, p = 0.096), social capital after (t = 1.838, p = 0.066), and physical capital before (t = 2.87, p = 0.004) showed a significantly positive relationship with their entrepreneurial capacities. Conclusions: The study revealed that farmers’ access to stronger livelihood capitals improves on their internal locus of control, improves their farming management abilities and ultimately boosts their agricultural entrepreneurial capabilities. The study recommends that farmers should leverage on their human capitals (farming skills taught them) to improving on all other livelihood capitals for better business sense and culture and entrepreneurial skills.
Accounting Benefits of ERP Systems across the Different Manufacturing Industries of SMEs
(Scientific Research, 2018-04) Goumas, Spyridon; Charamis, Dimitris; Tabouratzi, Efthalia
As a result of the ongoing economic crisis and the international market competition, Greek SMEs, particularly the ones focusing in manufacture and production, need to stay profitable by increasing efficiency, while reducing operational costs. Information collected, stored and processed by ERP systems help SMEs to reduce uncertainty, and improve operations and managerial decision-making. Manufacture SMEs could benefit from the implementation of an ERP system, as there are many aspects in the business to consider. However, most decisions are based on financial information. The current study explores the accounting benefits of implementing ERPs on manufacture SMEs, from an accounting standpoint. Findings demonstrate the difference in importance of the various accounting benefits within the different manufacturing categories.
Acousto-Diffusive Waves in a Piezoelectric-Semiconductor-Piezoelectric Sandwich Structure
(2011-10) Sharma, Jagan Nath; Sharma, Kuldeep Kumar; Kumar, Ashwani
The propagation of acoustic waves in a homogeneous isotropic semiconducting layer sandwiched between two homogeneous transversely isotropic piezoelectric halfspaces has been investigated. The mathematical model of the problem is depicted by a set of partial differential equations of motion, Gauss equation in piezoelectric material and electron diffusion equation in semiconductor along with the boundary conditions to be satisfied at the piezoelectric-semiconductor interfaces. The secular equations describing the symmetric and asymmetric modes of wave propagation have been derived in compact form after obtaining the analytical expressions for various field quantities that govern the wave motion. The complex secular equation has been solved numerically using functional interaction method along with irreducible cardano method. The computer simulated results are obtained with the help of MATLAB software for 6mm cadmium selenide (CdSe) piezoelectric material and n-type silicon (Si) semiconductor in respect of dispersion curve, attenuation and specific loss factor of energy dissipation for symmetric (sym) and asymmetric (asym) modes of wave propagation. The study may find applications in non-destructive testing, resonators, waveguides etc
Action and variation potential electrical signals in higher plants
(African Science Publications, 2021-01-01) Ndung’u Ruth, Wairimu; Kamweru Paul, Kuria; Kirwa Abraham, Tuwei
This review evaluates the types of electrical signals (ESs) in plants, generation and propagation of various ESs, their ways of transmission within the plant body and their corresponding physiological significance. It also outlines abiotic factors, e.g., light, temperature, water content as stimuli on the electrical potential (EP) of the plants. The paper also summarizes a review of the effects of ESs on photosynthesis, the mechanisms of the effects, and its physiological role in plants. Local irritations of plants induce various photosynthetic responses including fast and long-term inactivation of photosynthesis and its activation. The paper also reviews the concept of plant energy harvesting. The measurement techniques used for ESs in plants including extracellular measurement and intracellular measurement are also reviewed. A brief summary of the applications of these methods for investigating ES in plants is also given.
Acute cigarette smoke exposure induces oxidative damage and inflammation in Wistar rats: impact on lungs and erythrocytes
(African Science Publications, 2021-01-01) Shahdat, Hossain; Marzan, Sarkar; Sujan, Bhowmick; Jakir, Hussain; Mahmudul, Hasan; Borhan, Uddin; Md. Asaduzzaman, Khan; Taslima, Nahar
Smoking of cigarettes worsens morbidity and mortality rates by prompting cancer, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and oral diseases. Despite having all these severe risks of smoking, the habit is unacceptably widespread, particularly among teenagers in many countries, including Bangladesh. In this investigation, the acute effect of cigarette smoking on oxidative stress and inflammation (Tumor Necrosis Factor- α (TNF-α)) has been analyzed in the cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed rats. Exposure of smoke in vivo significantly increased the levels of Lipid Peroxide (LPO) and TNFα in the experimental rats, when compared to those of the control rats. Furthermore, washed erythrocytes isolated from control rats were exposed directly to CS in vitro. The time-dependent exposure of smoke to erythrocytes increased the oxidative stress in the erythrocytes, as indicated by increased levels of LPO in the erythrocytes. The toxic effect of acute cigarette smoke was also visible in the morphological studies of erythrocytes. Cigarette smoke-exposed erythrocytes revealed numerous leakage, breaks and membrane blobs in the plasma membrane of erythrocytes. Our results thus suggest that cigarette smoke not only affects the lung tissues but may also deteriorate the morphology of erythrocytes by instigating the oxidative stress in the erythrocytes.
Ad Hoc Network Hybrid Management Protocol Based on Genetic Classifiers
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2010-10) Garzia, Fabio; Perna, Cristina; Cusani, Roberto
The purpose of this paper is to solve the problem of Ad Hoc network routing protocol using a Genetic Algorithm based approach. In particular, the greater reliability and efficiency, in term of duration of communication paths, due to the introduction of Genetic Classifier is demonstrated.
Adapting Communities That Care in Urban Aboriginal Communities in British Columbia: An Interim Evaluation
(Sociology Mind, 2013-03-02) Stubley, Tammy; Margolin, Indrani; Rojas, Marcela
A considerable amount of research has been conducted on Aboriginal mental health and health promotion. However, implementation and impacts of culturally relevant health promotion strategies have not been equally addressed. This article provides an interim evaluation of Connecting the Dots, an innovative pro-ject designed to support and promote the mental health of Aboriginal youth and families in urban areas in British Columbia. Connecting the Dots adapted the Communities that Care (CTC) model, a prevention planning program promoting positive youth development and reducing risk factors that predict youth’s future involvement in problem behaviors. This article devotes specific attention to the necessitated adap-tations of the CTC model to promote cultural relevancy in urban Aboriginal communities. Evaluation findings suggest that Aboriginal communities can successfully adopt mainstream evidence-based pro-gramming, provided that programs permit adaptations to meet the communities’ needs. For urban Abo-riginal communities, programs must be re-conceptualized so that the linear, western delivery model is transformed to a holistic and circular implementation approach congruent with Aboriginal worldviews. In the Connecting the Dots project, inclusion of traditional Aboriginal practices and key Aboriginal repre-sentatives were among the most well received model adaptations. Evaluation participants reported that the adaptations made to the CTC framework have been critical to sustainability.
Additive Property and the Physical Reducibility of the Mind
(Scientific Research, 2014-05) Hyun, Kwangho
It is controversial whether the mind is physically reducible or not. If the mind is physically reducible, it must share properties with the physical world. To find out how the mind can be characterized, an “additive property” is used to describe the mind. The additive property is shown where many causes result in one effect. The additive property is shown in the biological domain when the senses process received input. It is also shown in the intellectual activities of daily life. In the physical world, there is no cause without an effect. The additive property of events is not satisfied in physical domain. If the mind is physically reducible, the additive property of the mind should not be satisfied. Because the additive property is shown in the mind, the mind cannot be physically reduced in terms of relationships of cause and effects.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): Spoofing Attack and Proposed Defense
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2016-07) Al Sukkar, Ghazi; Saifan, Ramzi; Khwaldeh, Sufian; Maqableh, Mahmoud; Jafar, Iyad
Networks have become an integral part of today’s world. The ease of deployment, low-cost and high data rates have contributed significantly to their popularity. There are many protocols that are tailored to ease the process of establishing these networks. Nevertheless, security-wise precautions were not taken in some of them. In this paper, we expose some of the vulnerability that exists in a commonly and widely used network protocol, the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) protocol. Effectively, we will implement a user friendly and an easy-to-use tool that exploits the weaknesses of this protocol to deceive a victim’s machine and a router through creating a sort of Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack. In MITM, all of the data going out or to the victim machine will pass first through the attacker’s machine. This enables the attacker to inspect victim’s data packets, extract valuable data (like passwords) that belong to the victim and manipulate these data packets. We suggest and implement a defense mechanism and tool that counters this attack, warns the user, and exposes some information about the attacker to isolate him. GNU/Linux is chosen as an operating system to implement both the attack and the defense tools. The results show the success of the defense mechanism in detecting the ARP related attacks in a very simple and efficient way.
Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix
(Scientific Research, 2018-03) Sylla, Moussa; Ossibi, Pierlesky Elion; Tenkorang, Somuah; Dandakoye, Ismael; Majdoub, KarimIbn; Toughrai, Imane; Laalim, Said Ait; Mazaz, Khalid
Objective: To report the experience of our department on adenocarcinoma of the appendix through a series of six (6) cases. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study carried out from January 2010 to June 2015 collating all cases of adenocarcinoma of the appendix diagnosed at the department of visceral surgery B in Hassan II University Hospital in Fez. Results: Six cases of adenocarcinoma of the appendix were recorded during the determined period of study. The mean age was 54.67 ± 16.99 years with the extreme ages ranging from 28 to 78 years. There was a female predominance with a sex ratio of 2. All patients had no specific medical history. The revealing symptoms were the following: appendicitis syndrome (1 case), bowel obstruction (1 case), psoas abscess (1 case) and fortuitous discovery during laparotomy for another problem (3 cases). The following histological types found were: colloid adenocarcinoma (3 cases), mucinous adenocarcinoma (2 case), mucinous cystadenocarcinoma associated with a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the appendix (1 case). The surgical procedure consisted of a right hemicolectomy in 3 patients. Appendectomy followed by a right hemicolectomy and drainage of psoas abscess was performed in two patients. Palliative ileocecal resection and Bouilly-Volkmann ileocolostomy was performed in one patent who had carcinosis. All patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. The following occurred during follow-up: carcinosis (2 patients), a locoregional recurrence (2 patients). Two patients never returned for follow-up. Conclusion: Tumor of the appendix is a rare and exceptional pathology. These tumors are generally discovered fortuitously or during histology of appendectomy specimens. The treatment is usually surgical.
Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix in Young Men with Acute Appendicitis
(Scientific Research, 2014-05) Alexiou, K.; Ioannidis, Argyrios; Drikos, I.; Karanikas, I.; Fotopoulos, A.; Chorti, M.; Economou, N.
Intoduction: The adenocarcinomas of the appendix are rare tumors of the gastrointestinal truct that often reveal no clear clinical symptoms and are not diagnosed in time. In this study, we analyze a rare case of an incidentally discovered adenocarcinoma of the appendix after appendicectomy. Case presentation: A Greek male patient of 37 years old patient presented to our hospital with signs of acute appendicitis and peritonitis. He underwent appendicectomy as therapeutic treatment. Post operational histological examination revealed in situ carcinoma of the appendix without high hematological tumor markers or visible metastasis in CT scan analysis. We decided to proceed to right hemicolectomy. The patient was discharged without complications and without displaying other symptoms in a monitoring interval of two months after surgery. Conclusion: Adenocarcinomas of the appendix are generally difficult to detect in the early stage leading to significant morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, it is necessary to execute a very careful histopathological examination and perform a detailed intraperitoneal cleaning during operation, so that any indications of appendix adenocarcinomas in cases of appendectomy won’t be missed or misjudged.
Adoption and Scaling-Up of Conservation Agriculture in Tanzania: Case of Arusha and Dodoma Regions
(Scientific Research, 2014-03) Kahimba, Frederick Cassian; Mutabazi, Khamaldin Daud; Tumbo, Siza Donald; Masuki, Kenneth Francis; Mbungu, Winfred Baptist
A study was conducted to assess the adoption and scaling-up of Conservation Agriculture in Arumeru district, Arusha region, northern Tanzania and Chamwino and Dodoma Urban districts in Dodoma region, Central Tanzania. The study employed structured questionnaire survey and key informant interviews as the main data collection methods. Data analysis was done descriptively to determine factors that influence the adoption. Results showed that farmers in Arusha have highly adopted terraces, minimum tillage and cover cropping whereas their counterparts in Dodoma have highly adopted large planting pits, minimum tillage, and rippers. The intensity of adoption in Arusha is higher for the wealthy compared to the poor while in Dodoma the wealth status was not a factor that influenced adoption of the Conservation Agriculture (CA) technologies. The process of technology adoption should include the use of various participatory methods including farmer field schools, experimental plots, farmer exchange visits, and training of trainers among others. Use of farmer groups, incentives, and support instruments such as Savings and Credit Co-operative Society (SACCOS) or warehouse receipts systems are also important to ensure that farmers realize some acceptable profits from their efforts. Involvement of various stakeholders is also very important including local governments and agricultural change agents at national, regional, district, ward and village levels. Hence, the intention to promote CA technologies should not only look at the economic importance, but also its socio-economic importance to the local people in the area. Their desire to adopt and out-scale a technology should be among the most important investment factors that the government and development partners should consider.
The Adoption of the E-Banking: Validation of the Technology Acceptance Model
(Scientific Research, 2013-08) Raida, Regaieg Essafi; Néji, Bouslama
This paper is based on the technology acceptance model which has been adopted by several previous researches. The purpose of the study is to determine the factors that explain the adoption of e-banking by professional in “Business to Business” relationships. It explores the determinants of use of the Internet in the relationship between bank and firm and it validates the model in Tunisian context. This paper has tested that perceived usefulness and perceived ease determine the attitude of the use, and that attitude determines the intent to use of e-banking by means of the multiple regressions. The originality of this study is the exploration of the determinants of use of e-banking by professional in order to promote its adoption.
Adult Cardiac-Related Deaths: A Reflection of Epidemiologic Transition of Diseases in the Developing World?
(Scientific Research, 2012-12) Thomas, Martins O.; Awolola, Nicholas A.; Olusoji, Olugbenga O.
Background: Epidemiologic transition of diseases is taking place globally. Therefore, it is necessary that more work is done to unravel the situation in respect to cardiac diseases in the developing world. Aim: The research was conducted to ascertain the cardiac causes of death in adults and by extension to further unravel the epidemiologic transition in relation to cardiac diseases in the developing world. Materials and Methods: This is an autopsy study of adult cardiac related causes of death in the year 2010 at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria, West Africa. It was conducted based in a 700-bedded hospital that has a catchment area of about 15 million people. Patients’ data (including bio-data, causes of death, etc.) were extracted from autopsy records for the year 2010. The data were entered and analysed with SPSS software. Results: There were 789 autopsies in the year and 99 of deaths were cardiac-related. There was male preponderance with a mean age of 54.2 ± 1.568 years. Hypertensive heart disease was the primary disease in 97.0% of cases in the studied sample. One 76 year old adult had myocardial infarction. There was no case of adult congenital heart disease. Intracerebral haemorrhage was the commonest cause of death. Discussion and Conclusion: Cardiovascular diseases constitute a growing threat to health among Africans. The developing countries are in stages II and III of Omran epidemiologic transition of diseases. This presents a major challenge to a large proportion of the world population with additional problem of poverty and ignorance. A 4-point agenda is suggested to reduce incidence of cardiovascular diseases (and deaths) in the developing world.
Advances in Intrusion Detection System for WLAN
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2011-08) Kaur, Ravneet
A wireless network is not as secure as compare the wired network because the data is transferred on air so any intruder can use hacking techniques to access that data. Indeed it is difficult to protect the data and provide the user a secure information system for lifetime. An intrusions detection system aim to detect the different attacks against network and system. An intrusion detection system should be capable for detecting the misuse of the network whether it will be by the authenticated user or by an attacker. Cross layer based technique help to make decision based on two layer physical layer where we compute RSS value and on MAC layer where one compute RTS-CTS time taken. This will reduce the positive false rate.They detect attempts and active misuse either by legitimate users of the information systems or by external. The paper has higlighted the advances in intrusion detection in wireless local area network.
Advertising Influence on the Profitability of Public and Private Sector Commercial Banks
(OMICS Group, 2015-11) Riaz, S.; Furqan, M.; Siddique, S.S.
This study examines the influence of advertising on the profitability of public and private sector commercial banks over the period of 2008-2012. Bank’s profitability is measured in terms of return on equity (ROE). The data set includes yearly data for 21 banks operating in Pakistan for more than 10 years. The data has been obtained from the publications of State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and Financial statements of commercial banks. The regression results show the positive and significant effects of advertising expenditure on Return on equity (ROE) for private sector banks than public sector banks.
Aerodynamic Brake for Formula Cars
(2015-10) Leone Martellucci
In the last years, in formula racing cars championships, the aerodynamic had reached an ever more important stance as a performance parameter. In the last four seasons, Red Bull Racing Technical Officer had designed their Formula 1 car with the specific aim to generate the optimal downforce, in relation to the car instantaneous setup. However, this extreme research of higher downforce brings some negative effects when a car is within the wake of another car; indeed, it is well known that under these condition the aerodynamic is disturbed, and it makes difficult to overtake the leading car. To partially remedy this problem, Formula 1 regulations introduced the Drag Reduction System (DRS) in 2011, which was an adjustable flap located on the rear wing; if it is flattened, allowing to reduce the downforce, increasing significantly the velocity and, therefore, the chances to overtake the leading car. Vice versa, when the flap is closed, it ensures a higher grip, which is very useful especially in medium-slow speed turns. Keeping the focus on the rear wing, but by shifting attention from the increased top speed to increase the grip in the middle and slow speed curves, we decided to study a similar device to the DRS, but with the opposite effect. The aim is to design an aerodynamic brake integrated with the rear wing. In particular, the project idea was to sculpt, on the upper surface of the wing (pressure side), a series of "C" shaped cavity, normally covered by adequate sliding panels. These cavities, when they are discovered, at the beginning of the braking phase, produce a turbulence and additional increase downforce, lightening the load on the braking system and allowing the pilot to substantially reduce slippage and to delay the braking. Since it seems that the regulations adopted by the FIA Formula 1 Championship do not allow such a device, it has been decided to apply the concept on a Formula 4 vehicle. This paper describes the design and analyzes the effects of these details on a standard wing cavity, using a commercial CFD software
Africa, Poverty and Forces of Change: A Holistic Approach to Perceiving and Addressing Poverty in Africa
(Scientific Research, 2016-11) Eegunlusi, Tayo Raymond Ezekiel
This work argues that Africa’s condition of poverty lingers because the continent fails to view poverty in its holistic sense in her attempts at tackling her economic challenges. Other types of poverty exist, such as mental poverty, moral poverty, emotional poverty, spiritual poverty, political poverty and social poverty, which pose great problems for the continent. Obviously, her failure to give worthwhile attention to solving these problems largely contribute to why she has not really benefited from her vast wealth of human and material resources. Also, this lack of holistic approach to perceiving poverty often allows Africa to be swayed by global forces of change such as socio-cultural factors, political factors, wars and terrorist activities, technological forces as information technology and electronic media, and so on. Consequently, majority of Africans seem to be blinded to the reality of possibility of redemption from the continents precarious economic condition. Thus, neglecting their nations, they emigrate abroad, under the guise of seeking enabling environment for productivity and survival. At the same time, those at the helms of affairs perpetuate the economic poverty status-quo by greedily enriching themselves. Thus, the continent becomes an unfortunate victim of parochial perspectives as other continents become undeserving beneficiaries of her endowments and heritages. Using philosophy’s critical and argumentative methods of empirical, conceptual and historical analysis, this paper debates that a holistic perspective to poverty can help control global forces of change in ways that will favour Africa’s total development and enhance her profiting in the globalisation era.

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