A Lower Bound of Estimation Error of an Emitter's Direction-of-Arrival / Polarization, for a Collocated Triad of Orthogonal Dipoles/Loops That Fail Randomly

Abstract

For a triad of short dipoles (or of small loops), in perpendicular orientation relative to each other but collocated in space, this study derives a lower bound for their error in direction-of-arrival estimation and polarisation estimation, accounting for the possibility of failure in any individual dipoles (or loops).